<\/a> <\/h2>\nThe following options are available in the [Resolve] section:<\/p>\n
DNS=<\/i><\/p>\n
A space\u2212separated list of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to use as system DNS servers. Each address can optionally take a port number separated with “:”, a network interface name or index separated with “%”, and a Server Name Indication (SNI) separated with “#”. When IPv6 address is specified with a port number, then the address must be in the square brackets. That is, the acceptable full formats are “111.222.333.444:9953%ifname#example.com” for IPv4 and “[1111:2222::3333]:9953%ifname#example.com” for IPv6. DNS requests are sent to one of the listed DNS servers in parallel to suitable per\u2212link DNS servers acquired from systemd-networkd.service<\/b>(8) or set at runtime by external applications. For compatibility reasons, if this setting is not specified, the DNS servers listed in \/etc\/resolv.conf are used instead, if that file exists and any servers are configured in it. This setting defaults to the empty list.<\/p>\n
FallbackDNS=<\/i><\/p>\n
A space\u2212separated list of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to use as the fallback DNS servers. Please see DNS=<\/i> for acceptable format of adddresses. Any per\u2212link DNS servers obtained from systemd-networkd.service<\/b>(8) take precedence over this setting, as do any servers set via DNS=<\/i> above or \/etc\/resolv.conf. This setting is hence only used if no other DNS server information is known. If this option is not given, a compiled\u2212in list of DNS servers is used instead.<\/p>\n
Domains=<\/i><\/p>\n
A space\u2212separated list of domains optionally prefixed with “~”, used for two distinct purposes described below. Defaults to the empty list.<\/p>\n
Any domains not<\/i> prefixed with “~” are used as search suffixes when resolving single\u2212label hostnames (domain names which contain no dot), in order to qualify them into fully\u2212qualified domain names (FQDNs). These “search domains” are strictly processed in the order they are specified in, until the name with the suffix appended is found. For compatibility reasons, if this setting is not specified, the search domains listed in \/etc\/resolv.conf with the search<\/i> keyword are used instead, if that file exists and any domains are configured in it.<\/p>\n
The domains prefixed with “~” are called “routing domains”. All domains listed here (both search domains and routing domains after removing the “~” prefix) define a search path that preferably directs DNS queries to this interface. This search path has an effect only when suitable per\u2212link DNS servers are known. Such servers may be defined through the DNS=<\/i> setting (see above) and dynamically at run time, for example from DHCP leases. If no per\u2212link DNS servers are known, routing domains have no effect.<\/p>\n
Use the construct “~.” (which is composed from “~” to indicate a routing domain and “.” to indicate the DNS root domain that is the implied suffix of all DNS domains) to use the DNS servers defined for this link preferably for all domains.<\/p>\n
LLMNR=<\/i><\/p>\n
Takes a boolean argument or “resolve”. Controls Link\u2212Local Multicast Name Resolution support (RFC 4795<\/font><\/b> [1]<\/font><\/small> ) on the local host. If true, enables full LLMNR responder and resolver support. If false, disables both. If set to “resolve”, only resolution support is enabled, but responding is disabled. Note that systemd-networkd.service<\/b>(8) also maintains per\u2212link LLMNR settings. LLMNR will be enabled on a link only if the per\u2212link and the global setting is on.<\/font><\/p>\nMulticastDNS=<\/i><\/font><\/p>\nTakes a boolean argument or “resolve”. Controls Multicast DNS support (<\/font>RFC 6762<\/font><\/b> [2]<\/font><\/small> ) on the local host. If true, enables full Multicast DNS responder and resolver support. If false, disables both. If set to “resolve”, only resolution support is enabled, but responding is disabled. Note that systemd-networkd.service<\/b>(8) also maintains per\u2212link Multicast DNS settings. Multicast DNS will be enabled on a link only if the per\u2212link and the global setting is on.<\/font><\/p>\nDNSSEC=<\/i><\/font><\/p>\nTakes a boolean argument or “allow\u2212downgrade”. If true all DNS lookups are DNSSEC\u2212validated locally (excluding LLMNR and Multicast DNS). If the response to a lookup request is detected to be invalid a lookup failure is returned to applications. Note that this mode requires a DNS server that supports DNSSEC. If the DNS server does not properly support DNSSEC all validations will fail. If set to “allow\u2212downgrade” DNSSEC validation is attempted, but if the server does not support DNSSEC properly, DNSSEC mode is automatically disabled. Note that this mode makes DNSSEC validation vulnerable to “downgrade” attacks, where an attacker might be able to trigger a downgrade to non\u2212DNSSEC mode by synthesizing a DNS response that suggests DNSSEC was not supported. If set to false, DNS lookups are not DNSSEC validated.<\/font><\/p>\nNote that DNSSEC validation requires retrieval of additional DNS data, and thus results in a small DNS look\u2212up time penalty.<\/font><\/p>\nDNSSEC requires knowledge of “trust anchors” to prove data integrity. The trust anchor for the Internet root domain is built into the resolver, additional trust anchors may be defined with dnssec-trust-anchors.d<\/b>(5). Trust anchors may change at regular intervals, and old trust anchors may be revoked. In such a case DNSSEC validation is not possible until new trust anchors are configured locally or the resolver software package is updated with the new root trust anchor. In effect, when the built\u2212in trust anchor is revoked and DNSSEC=<\/i> is true, all further lookups will fail, as it cannot be proved anymore whether lookups are correctly signed, or validly unsigned. If DNSSEC=<\/i> is set to “allow\u2212downgrade” the resolver will automatically turn off DNSSEC validation in such a case.<\/font><\/p>\nClient programs looking up DNS data will be informed whether lookups could be verified using DNSSEC, or whether the returned data could not be verified (either because the data was found unsigned in the DNS, or the DNS server did not support DNSSEC or no appropriate trust anchors were known). In the latter case it is assumed that client programs employ a secondary scheme to validate the returned DNS data, should this be required.<\/font><\/p>\nIt is recommended to set DNSSEC=<\/i> to true on systems where it is known that the DNS server supports DNSSEC correctly, and where software or trust anchor updates happen regularly. On other systems it is recommended to set DNSSEC=<\/i> to “allow\u2212downgrade”.<\/font><\/p>\nIn addition to this global DNSSEC setting systemd-networkd.service<\/b>(8) also maintains per\u2212link DNSSEC settings. For system DNS servers (see above), only the global DNSSEC setting is in effect. For per\u2212link DNS servers the per\u2212link setting is in effect, unless it is unset in which case the global setting is used instead.<\/font><\/p>\nSite\u2212private DNS zones generally conflict with DNSSEC operation, unless a negative (if the private zone is not signed) or positive (if the private zone is signed) trust anchor is configured for them. If “allow\u2212downgrade” mode is selected, it is attempted to detect site\u2212private DNS zones using top\u2212level domains (TLDs) that are not known by the DNS root server. This logic does not work in all private zone setups.<\/font><\/p>\nDefaults to “allow\u2212downgrade”<\/font><\/p>\nDNSOverTLS=<\/i><\/font><\/p>\nTakes a boolean argument or “opportunistic”. If true all connections to the server will be encrypted. Note that this mode requires a DNS server that supports DNS\u2212over\u2212TLS and has a valid certificate. If the hostname was specified in DNS=<\/i> by using the format format “address#server_name” it is used to validate its certificate and also to enable Server Name Indication (SNI) when opening a TLS connection. Otherwise the certificate is checked against the server’s IP. If the DNS server does not support DNS\u2212over\u2212TLS all DNS requests will fail.<\/font><\/p>\nWhen set to “opportunistic” DNS request are attempted to send encrypted with DNS\u2212over\u2212TLS. If the DNS server does not support TLS, DNS\u2212over\u2212TLS is disabled. Note that this mode makes DNS\u2212over\u2212TLS vulnerable to “downgrade” attacks, where an attacker might be able to trigger a downgrade to non\u2212encrypted mode by synthesizing a response that suggests DNS\u2212over\u2212TLS was not supported. If set to false, DNS lookups are send over UDP.<\/font><\/p>\nNote that DNS\u2212over\u2212TLS requires additional data to be send for setting up an encrypted connection, and thus results in a small DNS look\u2212up time penalty.<\/font><\/p>\nNote that in “opportunistic” mode the resolver is not capable of authenticating the server, so it is vulnerable to “man\u2212in\u2212the\u2212middle” attacks.<\/font><\/p>\nIn addition to this global DNSOverTLS setting systemd-networkd.service<\/b>(8) also maintains per\u2212link DNSOverTLS settings. For system DNS servers (see above), only the global DNSOverTLS setting is in effect. For per\u2212link DNS servers the per\u2212link setting is in effect, unless it is unset in which case the global setting is used instead.<\/font><\/p>\nDefaults to off.<\/font><\/p>\nCache=<\/i><\/font><\/p>\nTakes a boolean or “no\u2212negative” as argument. If “yes” (the default), resolving a domain name which already got queried earlier will return the previous result as long as it is still valid, and thus does not result in a new network request. Be aware that turning off caching comes at a performance penalty, which is particularly high when DNSSEC is used. If “no\u2212negative”, only positive answers are cached.<\/font><\/p>\nNote that caching is turned off implicitly if the configured DNS server is on a host\u2212local IP address (such as 127.0.0.1 or ::1), in order to avoid duplicate local caching.<\/font><\/p>\nDNSStubListener=<\/i><\/font><\/p>\nTakes a boolean argument or one of “udp” and “tcp”. If “udp”, a DNS stub resolver will listen for UDP requests on address 127.0.0.53 port 53. If “tcp”, the stub will listen for TCP requests on the same address and port. If “yes” (the default), the stub listens for both UDP and TCP requests. If “no”, the stub listener is disabled.<\/font><\/p>\nNote that the DNS stub listener is turned off implicitly when its listening address and port are already in use.<\/font><\/p>\nReadEtcHosts=<\/i><\/font><\/p>\nTakes a boolean argument. If “yes” (the default), systemd\u2212resolved<\/b> will read \/etc\/hosts, and try to resolve hosts or address by using the entries in the file before sending query to DNS servers.<\/font><\/p>\nResolveUnicastSingleLabel=<\/i><\/font><\/p>\nTakes a boolean argument. When false (the default), systemd\u2212resolved<\/b> will not resolve A and AAAA queries for single\u2212label names over classic DNS. Note that such names may still be resolved if search domains are specified (see Domains=<\/i> above), or using other mechanisms, in particular via LLMNR or from \/etc\/hosts. When true, queries for single\u2212label names will be forwarded to global DNS servers even if no search domains are defined.<\/font><\/p>\nThis option is provided for compatibility with configurations where public DNS servers are not used<\/i>. Forwarding single\u2212label names to servers not under your control is not standard\u2212conformant, see<\/font> IAB Statement<\/font><\/b> [3]<\/font><\/small> , and may create a privacy and security risk.<\/font><\/p>\n