{"id":4125,"date":"2022-12-20T17:39:28","date_gmt":"2022-12-20T20:39:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lode.uno\/linux-man\/index.php\/2022\/12\/20\/standards-man7\/"},"modified":"2022-12-20T17:39:28","modified_gmt":"2022-12-20T20:39:28","slug":"standards-man7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lode.uno\/linux-man\/2022\/12\/20\/standards-man7\/","title":{"rendered":"STANDARDS (man7)"},"content":{"rendered":"

STANDARDS<\/h1>\n

NAME<\/a>
DESCRIPTION<\/a>
SEE ALSO<\/a>
COLOPHON<\/a> <\/p>\n

\n

NAME <\/a> <\/h2>\n

standards \u2212 C and UNIX Standards<\/p>\n

DESCRIPTION <\/a> <\/h2>\n

The CONFORMING TO section that appears in many manual pages identifies various standards to which the documented interface conforms. The following list briefly describes these standards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n\n

V7<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

Version 7 (also known as Seventh Edition) UNIX, released by AT&T\/Bell Labs in 1979. After this point, UNIX systems diverged into two main dialects: BSD and System V.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n\n

4.2BSD<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

This is an implementation standard defined by the 4.2 release of the Berkeley Software Distribution<\/i>, released by the University of California at Berkeley. This was the first Berkeley release that contained a TCP\/IP stack and the sockets API. 4.2BSD was released in 1983.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

Earlier major BSD releases included 3BSD<\/i> (1980), 4BSD<\/i> (1980), and 4.1BSD<\/i> (1981).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n\n

4.3BSD<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

The successor to 4.2BSD, released in 1986.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n\n

4.4BSD<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

The successor to 4.3BSD, released in 1993. This was the last major Berkeley release.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

System V<\/b><\/p>\n

This is an implementation standard defined by AT&T\u2019s milestone 1983 release of its commercial System V (five) release. The previous major AT&T release was System III<\/i>, released in 1981.<\/p>\n

System V release 2 (SVr2)<\/b><\/p>\n

This was the next System V release, made in 1985. The SVr2 was formally described in the System V Interface Definition version 1<\/i> (SVID 1<\/i>) published in 1985.<\/p>\n

System V release 3 (SVr3)<\/b><\/p>\n

This was the successor to SVr2, released in 1986. This release was formally described in the System V Interface Definition version 2<\/i> (SVID 2<\/i>).<\/p>\n

System V release 4 (SVr4)<\/b><\/p>\n

This was the successor to SVr3, released in 1989. This version of System V is described in the “Programmer\u2019s Reference Manual: Operating System API (Intel processors)” (Prentice-Hall 1992, ISBN 0-13-951294-2) This release was formally described in the System V Interface Definition version 3<\/i> (SVID 3<\/i>), and is considered the definitive System V release.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n\n

SVID 4<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

System V Interface Definition version 4, issued in 1995. Available online at http:\/\/www.sco.com\/developers\/devspecs\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n\n

C89<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

This was the first C language standard, ratified by ANSI (American National Standards Institute) in 1989 (X3.159-1989<\/i>). Sometimes this is known as ANSI C<\/i>, but since C99 is also an ANSI standard, this term is ambiguous. This standard was also ratified by ISO (International Standards Organization) in 1990 (ISO\/IEC 9899:1990<\/i>), and is thus occasionally referred to as ISO C90<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n\n

C99<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

This revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in 1999 (ISO\/IEC 9899:1999<\/i>). Available online at http:\/\/www.open-std.org\/jtc1\/sc22\/wg14\/www\/standards<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n\n

C11<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

This revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in 2011 (ISO\/IEC 9899:2011<\/i>).<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

LFS<\/b> The Large File Summit specification, completed in 1996. This specification defined mechanisms that allowed 32-bit systems to support the use of large files (i.e., 64-bit file offsets). See https:\/\/www.opengroup.org\/platform\/lfs.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

POSIX.1-1988<\/b><\/p>\n

This was the first POSIX standard, ratified by IEEE as IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, and subsequently adopted (with minor revisions) as an ISO standard in 1990. The term “POSIX” was coined by Richard Stallman.<\/p>\n

POSIX.1-1990<\/b><\/p>\n

“Portable Operating System Interface for Computing Environments”. IEEE 1003.1-1990 part 1, ratified by ISO in 1990 (ISO\/IEC 9945-1:1990<\/i>).<\/p>\n

POSIX.2<\/b><\/p>\n

IEEE Std 1003.2-1992, describing commands and utilities, ratified by ISO in 1993 (ISO\/IEC 9945-2:1993<\/i>).<\/p>\n

POSIX.1b<\/b> (formerly known as POSIX.4<\/i>)<\/p>\n

IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993, describing real-time facilities for portable operating systems, ratified by ISO in 1996 (ISO\/IEC 9945-1:1996<\/i>).<\/p>\n

POSIX.1c (formerly known as<\/b> POSIX.4a<\/i>)<\/b><\/p>\n

IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995, which describes the POSIX threads interfaces.<\/p>\n

POSIX.1d<\/b><\/p>\n

IEEE Std 1003.1c-1999, which describes additional real-time extensions.<\/p>\n

POSIX.1g<\/b><\/p>\n

IEEE Std 1003.1g-2000, which describes networking APIs (including sockets).<\/p>\n

POSIX.1j<\/b><\/p>\n

IEEE Std 1003.1j-2000, which describes advanced real-time extensions.<\/p>\n

POSIX.1-1996<\/b><\/p>\n

A 1996 revision of POSIX.1 which incorporated POSIX.1b and POSIX.1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n\n

XPG3<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

Released in 1989, this was the first release of the X\/Open Portability Guide to be based on a POSIX standard (POSIX.1-1988). This multivolume guide was developed by the X\/Open Group, a multivendor consortium.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n\n

XPG4<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

A revision of the X\/Open Portability Guide, released in 1992. This revision incorporated POSIX.2.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n\n

XPG4v2<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

A 1994 revision of XPG4. This is also referred to as Spec 1170<\/i>, where 1170 referred to the number of interfaces defined by this standard.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

SUS (SUSv1)<\/b><\/p>\n

Single UNIX Specification. This was a repackaging of XPG4v2 and other X\/Open standards (X\/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2, X\/Open Networking Service (XNS) Issue 4). Systems conforming to this standard can be branded UNIX 95<\/i>.<\/p>\n\n\n
<\/td>\n\n

SUSv2<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

Single UNIX Specification version 2. Sometimes also referred to (incorrectly) as XPG5<\/i>. This standard appeared in 1997. Systems conforming to this standard can be branded UNIX 98<\/i>. See also http:\/\/www.unix.org\/version2\/<\/a>.)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

POSIX.1-2001, SUSv3<\/b><\/p>\n

This was a 2001 revision and consolidation of the POSIX.1, POSIX.2, and SUS standards into a single document, conducted under the auspices of the Austin Group http:\/\/www.opengroup.org\/austin\/<\/a>. The standard is available online at http:\/\/www.unix.org\/version3\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The standard defines two levels of conformance: POSIX conformance<\/i>, which is a baseline set of interfaces required of a conforming system; and XSI Conformance<\/i>, which additionally mandates a set of interfaces (the “XSI extension”) which are only optional for POSIX conformance. XSI-conformant systems can be branded UNIX 03<\/i>.<\/p>\n

The POSIX.1-2001 document is broken into four parts:<\/p>\n

XBD<\/b>: Definitions, terms and concepts, header file specifications.<\/p>\n

XSH<\/b>: Specifications of functions (i.e., system calls and library functions in actual implementations).<\/p>\n

XCU<\/b>: Specifications of commands and utilities (i.e., the area formerly described by POSIX.2).<\/p>\n

XRAT<\/b>: Informative text on the other parts of the standard.<\/p>\n

POSIX.1-2001 is aligned with C99, so that all of the library functions standardized in C99 are also standardized in POSIX.1-2001.<\/p>\n

The Single UNIX Specification version 3 (SUSv3) comprises the Base Specifications containing XBD, XSH, XCU, and XRAT as above, plus X\/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2 as an extra volume that is not in POSIX.1-2001.<\/p>\n

Two Technical Corrigenda (minor fixes and improvements) of the original 2001 standard have occurred: TC1 in 2003 and TC2 in 2004.<\/p>\n

POSIX.1-2008, SUSv4<\/b><\/p>\n

Work on the next revision of POSIX.1\/SUS was completed and ratified in 2008. The standard is available online at http:\/\/www.unix.org\/version4\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The changes in this revision are not as large as those that occurred for POSIX.1-2001\/SUSv3, but a number of new interfaces are added and various details of existing specifications are modified. Many of the interfaces that were optional in POSIX.1-2001 become mandatory in the 2008 revision of the standard. A few interfaces that are present in POSIX.1-2001 are marked as obsolete in POSIX.1-2008, or removed from the standard altogether.<\/p>\n

The revised standard is structured in the same way as its predecessor. The Single UNIX Specification version 4 (SUSv4) comprises the Base Specifications containing XBD, XSH, XCU, and XRAT, plus X\/Open Curses Issue 7 as an extra volume that is not in POSIX.1-2008.<\/p>\n

Again there are two levels of conformance: the baseline POSIX Conformance<\/i>, and XSI Conformance<\/i>, which mandates an additional set of interfaces beyond those in the base specification.<\/p>\n

In general, where the CONFORMING TO section of a manual page lists POSIX.1-2001, it can be assumed that the interface also conforms to POSIX.1-2008, unless otherwise noted.<\/p>\n

Technical Corrigendum 1 (minor fixes and improvements) of this standard was released in 2013.<\/p>\n

Technical Corrigendum 2 of this standard was released in 2016.<\/p>\n

Further information can be found on the Austin Group web site, http:\/\/www.opengroup.org\/austin\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

SUSv4 2016 edition<\/b><\/p>\n

This is equivalent to POSIX.1-2008, with the addition of Technical Corrigenda 1 and 2 and the XCurses specification.<\/p>\n

POSIX.1-2017<\/b><\/p>\n

This revision of POSIX is technically identical to POSIX.1-2008 with Technical Corrigenda 1 and 2 applied.<\/p>\n

SUSv4 2018 edition<\/b><\/p>\n

This is equivalent to POSIX.1-2017, with the addition of the XCurses specification.<\/p>\n

The interfaces documented in POSIX.1\/SUS are available as manual pages under sections 0p (header files), 1p (commands), and 3p (functions); thus one can write “man 3p open”.<\/p>\n

SEE ALSO <\/a> <\/h2>\n

getconf<\/b>(1), confstr<\/b>(3), pathconf<\/b>(3), sysconf<\/b>(3), attributes<\/b>(7), feature_test_macros<\/b>(7), libc<\/b>(7), posixoptions<\/b>(7), system_data_types<\/b>(7)<\/p>\n

COLOPHON <\/a> <\/h2>\n

This page is part of release 5.10 of the Linux man-pages<\/i> project. A description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be found at https:\/\/www.kernel.org\/doc\/man\u2212pages\/.<\/p>\n

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