PROXY-CERTIFICATES

NAME
DESCRIPTION
NOTES
SEE ALSO
COPYRIGHT

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NAME

proxy−certificates − Proxy certificates in OpenSSL

DESCRIPTION

Proxy certificates are defined in RFC 3820. They are used to extend rights to some other entity (a computer process, typically, or sometimes to the user itself). This allows the entity to perform operations on behalf of the owner of the EE (End Entity) certificate.

The requirements for a valid proxy certificate are:

	•		They are issued by an End Entity, either a normal EE certificate, or another proxy certificate.
	•		They must not have the subjectAltName or issuerAltName extensions.
	•		They must have the proxyCertInfo extension.
	•		They must have the subject of their issuer, with one commonName added.

Enabling proxy certificate verification
OpenSSL expects applications that want to use proxy certificates to be specially aware of them, and make that explicit. This is done by setting an X509 verification flag:

X509_STORE_CTX_set_flags(ctx, X509_V_FLAG_ALLOW_PROXY_CERTS);

or

X509_VERIFY_PARAM_set_flags(param, X509_V_FLAG_ALLOW_PROXY_CERTS);

See ” NOTES” for a discussion on this requirement.

Creating proxy certificates
Creating proxy certificates can be done using the openssl−x509(1) command, with some extra extensions:

[ v3_proxy ]
# A proxy certificate MUST NEVER be a CA certificate.
basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
# Usual authority key ID
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer:always
# The extension which marks this certificate as a proxy
proxyCertInfo=critical,language:id−ppl−anyLanguage,pathlen:1,policy:text:AB

It’s also possible to specify the proxy extension in a separate section:

proxyCertInfo=critical,@proxy_ext
[ proxy_ext ]
language=id−ppl−anyLanguage
pathlen=0
policy=text:BC

The policy value has a specific syntax, syntag:string, where the syntag determines what will be done with the string. The following syntags are recognised:
text

indicates that the string is a byte sequence, without any encoding:

policy=text:raeksmoergaas

hex

indicates the string is encoded hexadecimal encoded binary data, with colons between each byte (every second hex digit):

policy=hex:72:E4:6B:73:6D:F6:72:67:E5:73

file

indicates that the text of the policy should be taken from a file. The string is then a filename. This is useful for policies that are large (more than a few lines, e.g. XML documents).

NOTE: The proxy policy value is what determines the rights granted to the process during the proxy certificate. It’s up to the application to interpret and combine these policies.

With a proxy extension, creating a proxy certificate is a matter of two commands:

openssl req −new −config proxy.cnf
−out proxy.req −keyout proxy.key
−subj “/DC=org/DC=openssl/DC=users/CN=proxy 1”
openssl x509 −req −CAcreateserial −in proxy.req −out proxy.crt
−CA user.crt −CAkey user.key −days 7
−extfile proxy.cnf −extensions v3_proxy1

You can also create a proxy certificate using another proxy certificate as issuer (note: using a different configuration section for the proxy extensions):

openssl req −new −config proxy.cnf
−out proxy2.req −keyout proxy2.key
−subj “/DC=org/DC=openssl/DC=users/CN=proxy 1/CN=proxy 2”
openssl x509 −req −CAcreateserial −in proxy2.req −out proxy2.crt
−CA proxy.crt −CAkey proxy.key −days 7
−extfile proxy.cnf −extensions v3_proxy2

Using proxy certs in applications
To interpret proxy policies, the application would normally start with some default rights (perhaps none at all), then compute the resulting rights by checking the rights against the chain of proxy certificates, user certificate and CA certificates.

The complicated part is figuring out how to pass data between your application and the certificate validation procedure.

The following ingredients are needed for such processing:

	•		a callback function that will be called for every certificate being validated. The callback is called several times for each certificate, so you must be careful to do the proxy policy interpretation at the right time. You also need to fill in the defaults when the EE certificate is checked.
	•		a data structure that is shared between your application code and the callback.
	•		a wrapper function that sets it all up.
	•		an ex_data index function that creates an index into the generic ex_data store that is attached to an X509 validation context.

The following skeleton code can be used as a starting point:

#include
#include
#include
#include
#define total_rights 25
/bin /boot /dead.letter /dev /etc /home /initrd /lib /lib64 /lost+found /media /mnt /opt /proc /release-notes.html /release-notes.txt /root /run /sbin /srv /sys /tmp /usr /var
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr In this example, I will use a view of granted rights as a bit
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr array, one bit for each possible right.
bodies/ usr/
typedef struct your_rights {
unsigned char rights[(total_rights + 7) / 8];
} YOUR_RIGHTS;
/bin /boot /dead.letter /dev /etc /home /initrd /lib /lib64 /lost+found /media /mnt /opt /proc /release-notes.html /release-notes.txt /root /run /sbin /srv /sys /tmp /usr /var
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr The following procedure will create an index for the ex_data
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr store in the X509 validation context the first time it’s
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr called. Subsequent calls will return the same index.
bodies/ usr/
static int get_proxy_auth_ex_data_idx(X509_STORE_CTX *ctx)
{
static volatile int idx = −1;
if (idx < 0) {
X509_STORE_lock(X509_STORE_CTX_get0_store(ctx));
if (idx < 0) {
idx = X509_STORE_CTX_get_ex_new_index(0,
“for verify callback”,
NULL,NULL,NULL);
}
X509_STORE_unlock(X509_STORE_CTX_get0_store(ctx));
}
return idx;
}
/bin /boot /dead.letter /dev /etc /home /initrd /lib /lib64 /lost+found /media /mnt /opt /proc /release-notes.html /release-notes.txt /root /run /sbin /srv /sys /tmp /usr /var Callback to be given to the X509 validation procedure. bodies/ usr/
static int verify_callback(int ok, X509_STORE_CTX *ctx)
{
if (ok == 1) {
/bin /boot /dead.letter /dev /etc /home /initrd /lib /lib64 /lost+found /media /mnt /opt /proc /release-notes.html /release-notes.txt /root /run /sbin /srv /sys /tmp /usr /var
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr It’s REALLY important you keep the proxy policy check
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr within this section. It’s important to know that when
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr ok is 1, the certificates are checked from top to
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr bottom. You get the CA root first, followed by the
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr possible chain of intermediate CAs, followed by the EE
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr certificate, followed by the possible proxy
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr certificates.
bodies/ usr/
X509 *xs = X509_STORE_CTX_get_current_cert(ctx);
if (X509_get_extension_flags(xs) & EXFLAG_PROXY) {
YOUR_RIGHTS *rights =
(YOUR_RIGHTS *)X509_STORE_CTX_get_ex_data(ctx,
get_proxy_auth_ex_data_idx(ctx));
PROXY_CERT_INFO_EXTENSION *pci =
X509_get_ext_d2i(xs, NID_proxyCertInfo, NULL, NULL);
switch (OBJ_obj2nid(pci−>proxyPolicy−>policyLanguage)) {
case NID_Independent:
/bin /boot /dead.letter /dev /etc /home /initrd /lib /lib64 /lost+found /media /mnt /opt /proc /release-notes.html /release-notes.txt /root /run /sbin /srv /sys /tmp /usr /var
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr Do whatever you need to grant explicit rights
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr to this particular proxy certificate, usually
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr by pulling them from some database. If there
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr are none to be found, clear all rights (making
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr this and any subsequent proxy certificate void
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr of any rights).
bodies/ usr/
memset(rights−>rights, 0, sizeof(rights−>rights));
break;
case NID_id_ppl_inheritAll:
/bin /boot /dead.letter /dev /etc /home /initrd /lib /lib64 /lost+found /media /mnt /opt /proc /release-notes.html /release-notes.txt /root /run /sbin /srv /sys /tmp /usr /var
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr This is basically a NOP, we simply let the
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr current rights stand as they are.
bodies/ usr/
break;
default:
/bin /boot /dead.letter /dev /etc /home /initrd /lib /lib64 /lost+found /media /mnt /opt /proc /release-notes.html /release-notes.txt /root /run /sbin /srv /sys /tmp /usr /var
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr This is usually the most complex section of
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr code. You really do whatever you want as long
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr as you follow RFC 3820. In the example we use
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr here, the simplest thing to do is to build
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr another, temporary bit array and fill it with
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr the rights granted by the current proxy
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr certificate, then use it as a mask on the
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr accumulated rights bit array, and voila, you
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr now have a new accumulated rights bit array.
bodies/ usr/
{
int i;
YOUR_RIGHTS tmp_rights;
memset(tmp_rights.rights, 0,
sizeof(tmp_rights.rights));
/bin /boot /dead.letter /dev /etc /home /initrd /lib /lib64 /lost+found /media /mnt /opt /proc /release-notes.html /release-notes.txt /root /run /sbin /srv /sys /tmp /usr /var
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr process_rights() is supposed to be a
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr procedure that takes a string and its
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr length, interprets it and sets the bits
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr in the YOUR_RIGHTS pointed at by the
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr third argument.
bodies/ usr/
process_rights((char *) pci−>proxyPolicy−>policy−>data,
pci−>proxyPolicy−>policy−>length,
&tmp_rights);
for(i = 0; i < total_rights / 8; i++)
rights−>rights[i] &= tmp_rights.rights[i];
}
break;
}
PROXY_CERT_INFO_EXTENSION_free(pci);
} else if (!(X509_get_extension_flags(xs) & EXFLAG_CA)) {
/bin /boot /dead.letter /dev /etc /home /initrd /lib /lib64 /lost+found /media /mnt /opt /proc /release-notes.html /release-notes.txt /root /run /sbin /srv /sys /tmp /usr /var We have an EE certificate, let’s use it to set default! bodies/ usr/
YOUR_RIGHTS *rights =
(YOUR_RIGHTS *)X509_STORE_CTX_get_ex_data(ctx,
get_proxy_auth_ex_data_idx(ctx));
/bin /boot /dead.letter /dev /etc /home /initrd /lib /lib64 /lost+found /media /mnt /opt /proc /release-notes.html /release-notes.txt /root /run /sbin /srv /sys /tmp /usr /var
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr The following procedure finds out what rights the
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr owner of the current certificate has, and sets them
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr in the YOUR_RIGHTS structure pointed at by the
bodies manpages.csv script_extrae_body.sh script.sh usr second argument.
bodies/ usr/
set_default_rights(xs, rights);
}
}
return ok;
}
static int my_X509_verify_cert(X509_STORE_CTX *ctx,
YOUR_RIGHTS *needed_rights)
{
int ok;
int (*save_verify_cb)(int ok,X509_STORE_CTX *ctx) =
X509_STORE_CTX_get_verify_cb(ctx);
YOUR_RIGHTS rights;
X509_STORE_CTX_set_verify_cb(ctx, verify_callback);
X509_STORE_CTX_set_ex_data(ctx, get_proxy_auth_ex_data_idx(ctx),
&rights);
X509_STORE_CTX_set_flags(ctx, X509_V_FLAG_ALLOW_PROXY_CERTS);
ok = X509_verify_cert(ctx);
if (ok == 1) {
ok = check_needed_rights(rights, needed_rights);
}
X509_STORE_CTX_set_verify_cb(ctx, save_verify_cb);
return ok;
}

If you use SSL or TLS, you can easily set up a callback to have the certificates checked properly, using the code above:

SSL_CTX_set_cert_verify_callback(s_ctx, my_X509_verify_cert,
&needed_rights);

NOTES

To this date, it seems that proxy certificates have only been used in environments that are aware of them, and no one seems to have investigated how they can be used or misused outside of such an environment.

For that reason, OpenSSL requires that applications aware of proxy certificates must also make that explicit.

subjectAltName and issuerAltName are forbidden in proxy certificates, and this is enforced in OpenSSL. The subject must be the same as the issuer, with one commonName added on.

SEE ALSO

X509_STORE_CTX_set_flags(3), X509_STORE_CTX_set_verify_cb(3), X509_VERIFY_PARAM_set_flags(3), SSL_CTX_set_cert_verify_callback(3), openssl−req(1), openssl−x509(1), RFC 3820

COPYRIGHT

Copyright 2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the “License”). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at .

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